Cells-like bacteria?
Penulis : Kezia Irawan
Penyunting : Gracesica Florencia
Sel pada organisme multiseluler dapat membelah diri dan berdiferensiasi sesuai dengan fungsi masing-masing jaringan dan organ, sedangkan sel pada organisme uniseluler tidak berdiferensiasi karena hanya terdiri dari sel tunggal. Bagaimana jika bakteri yang merupakan organisme uniseluler dapat berdiferensiasi seperti pada organisme multiseluler? Dua peneliti biologi sintetis, Matthew Bennett dan Sara Molinari, berhasil menciptakan sirkuit genetik yang mampu membuat sel Escherichia coli berdiferensiasi saat mereka membelah diri .
Kedua peneliti tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kode genetik dari sebuah plasmid dapat dimanipulasi sehingga menghasilkan proses diferensiasi, seperti stem cell pada bakteri. Pada stem cell, sel anak hasil pembelahan memiliki fenotipe yang baru dan sangat berbeda dengan sel induk. Pembelahan asimetris ini yang membantu organisme multiseluler untuk mengontrol fungsi seluler mereka. Temuan ini dinamakan asymmetric plasmid partitioning (APP).
Temuan ini berawal dari Molinari yang berhasil menemukan cara memaksa plasmid dalam sel induk E. coli untuk tetap saling menempel dalam satu cluster. Hal ini menyebabkan plasmid tidak membelah dan hanya berpindah ke salah satu sel anak saat proses pembelahan sehingga sel anak lainnya tidak memiliki plasmid sel induk.
Bennett sendiri mengatakan penemuan ini perlahan terasa seperti kisah fiksi yang menjadi nyata. Beliau menyampaikan bahwa ada tiga poin penting dalam kehidupan multiseluler. Pertama, proses diferensiasi melalui pembelahan asimetris, kedua komunikasi interseluler, dan yang ketiga adalah adesi sel. Jika ketiga poin tersebut dapat dikontrol, maka bentuk kehidupan multiseluler dapat diubah dengan lebih beragam.
Daftar Pustaka
https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/bacteria.htm
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190812140351.htm
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